As an important load-bearing component of bridge substructure, the bearing capacity of bridge pile foundation is directly affecting the bearing safety of bridge. At the moment, a popular area of research is the quick determination of the bearing capacity of bridge pile foundations. The detection of the bearing capacity of bridge pile foundations is discussed in this paper along with a comparison and analysis of the benefits and drawbacks of the most widely used detection techniques, such as static load test, dynamic load test, self-balancing method, drilling core, acoustic wave detection, topographic survey, static-dynamic method. An efficient pile foundation rapid detection method based on drop hammer static-dynamic method is proposed. In order to determine the bearing capacity parameters of the pile foundation, this method uses the vibration response of pile foundation caused by drop hammer with a specific mass and shape. This detection method is quick, effective, and non-destructive. With a bottom adjustment unit, a main test unit, and an elastic unit, a rapid loading device for drop hammer-spring pile foundation bearing capacity detection is designed and developed. The measuring accuracy of the apparatus is confirmed using a bridge pile foundation with a diameter of 0.25m and a length of 6m. The results show that the vertical compressive capacity of a single pile can be ascertained through the rapid testing method of pile foundation based on the drop hammer static-dynamic method. Additionally, the testing accuracy error of the drop hammer-spring equipment for determining the bearing capacity of the pile foundation is less than 10 percent.