The steel-concrete composite bridge tower is gradually being applied in the tower structure of long-span cable-supported bridges. The steel-concrete composite bridge tower has the advantages of the concrete bridge tower and the steel bridge tower. As the main force member of the whole structure, the combined part between concrete and composite bridge tower need to be fully considered in the design, to meet the mechanical requirement on shear, bending and compression resistance. To investigate the structural force transfer mechanism and elastic-plastic bearing capacity of the steel-concrete connection section, this paper establishes a refined finite element model of the steel-concrete connection section based on the general finite element platform ABAQUS. By analyzing the stress characteristics of each component within the connection-section model under different design force combination conditions, the elastic-plastic ultimate bearing capacity and the stress characteristics in the plastic stage of the standard-section model were compared. The results indicate that the concrete and connectors of the steel-concrete connection section function effectively during the elastic stage. In the elastic-plastic and fully-plastic stages of the connection section, there is significant stress concentration at the connection position of the connection.