To optimize the mechanical properties of prefabricated supporting structures of shield tunnel, a shield tunnel segment incorporating topological interlocking effect is proposed. 1:40 scale models of a tunnel with a 6 m diameter and 13 m length are fabricated, and the bolts are considered in the model. Single-point loading tests are conducted to simulate the external loads. The mechanical properties of conventional and topological interlocking supporting structures were compared. Experimental and simulation results show that, when there are no bolts, the bearing capacity of topological interlocking supporting structure is 75.9% greater than that of the conventional one; the maximum displacement enlarges by 54.9%. After installing bolts, the bearing capacity of topological interlocking supporting structure increases by 43.4% than the conventional one; the maximum displacement enlarges by 41.7%. At the end of loading, the conventional supporting structure collapses due to shear failure of the bolts, while the topological interlocking supporting structure fails due to tensile cracking, either in the center or locally around the bolts. The topological interlocking supporting structure can efficiently disperse the external loads, which makes full use of the strength of the brittle material that makes up the segments. It also reduces the dislocation between adjacent segments and demonstrates good ductility. This proposed structure offers a novel approach to achieving high-performance supporting structures in underground space engineering.